Small fraction 1D contained the mark top and was separated by ODS column chromatography ( 25??200?mm; MeOH-H2O?=?7:3C0:1) to provide fractions 2ACF. seed extract collection and Mouse monoclonal to GST Tag determined the MeOH remove of leaves to contain normally occurring substances that inhibit Hes1 dimer development. The MeOH remove (29.9?g) was fractionated using Diaion Horsepower-20 using a MeOH-acetone solvent program to cover fractions 1A to 1C. Dynamic small fraction 1A (27.2?g) was suspended in 10% aq. MeOH and partitioned with hexane, EtOAc and BuOH to acquire hexane (1.1?g), EtOAc (5.7?g), BuOH (4.7?g) and aqueous (18.9?g) soluble fractions. Area of the dynamic BuOH soluble small fraction was put through ODS column reverse-phase and chromatography HPLC. Activity-guided parting yielded ten substances (1C10; Fig.?3). The isolated substances were defined as morin (1)25, isoquercitrin (2)26, methyl gallate (3)27, (+)-catechin (4)28,29, dihydrophaseic acid solution (5)30, quercetin (6)26,31, avicularin (7)32,33, gallic acid solution (8)34, protocatechuic acid solution (9)35 and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid solution (10)36 predicated on evaluations of their spectral data with spectra in the books. The Hes1-Hes1 relationship inhibitory activities from the isolated substances were analyzed (Fig.?4) and 3, 7, 8 and 9 produced average inhibition (IC50 12.7, 26.5, 10.3 and 23.8 M). The strongest inhibitor was gallic acidity (8). Commercially obtainable gallic acidity also exhibited equivalent inhibition (IC50 8.9 M). Inhibition with the gallic acidity derivatives 3, 8, 9 and 10 demonstrated that the real amount of phenolic hydroxyl groupings impacts inhibitory activity, with activity decreasing as the real amount of SR-2211 phenolic hydroxyl groupings lower. Open in another window Body 2 Focus on protein-oriented isolation strategies. (A) Hes1-Hes1 relationship fluorescent dish assay, (B) Hes1 immobilized beads technique. Open in another window Body 3 Structures from the isolated substances. Open in another window Body 4 Hes1 dimer development inhibitory activities from the isolated substances. We created another protein-based testing technique lately, the target proteins oriented natural basic products isolation method (TPO-NAPI) using protein beads (Fig.?2B). Agalloside, inohanamine, -mangostine, BE-14106, isomicromonolactam, staurosporin and linarin were isolated as Hes1 binding compounds using the TPO-NAPI method15,17. Rat Hes1 (1C95) containing basic and helix-loop-helix domains was immobilized because the SR-2211 helix-loop-helix domain is known to be important for Hes1-Hes1 interaction; therefore, utilizing this domain in the beads method would likely be effective for screening Hes1 dimer inhibitors. GST-Hes1 immobilized beads were prepared by mixing freshly prepared GST-Hes1 protein with glutathione Sepharose 4B beads. GST-only beads were prepared as a control. After incubating the beads with plant MeOH extracts at 4?C for 2?h, bound compounds were eluted by adding EtOH and heating at 100?C for 3?min, then the eluted compounds were analyzed by HPLC. Of the 105 plant MeOH extracts screened using this method, the Bangladesh plant was found to contain a Hes1 binding compound. The MeOH extract (64.6?g) of bark was partitioned with hexane, EtOAc and BuOH to obtain hexane (1.5?g), EtOAc (3.6?g), BuOH (42.6?g), and aqueous (20.5?g) soluble fractions. The EtOAc fraction contained the target peak and was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to give eight fractions (1A-H). Fraction 1D contained the target peak and was separated by ODS column chromatography and reverse-phase HPLC to give compound 11 (0.4?mg). Compound 11 was identified as 4-values were analyzed by Students test. docking analysis of compound 11 with the HLH domain of Hes1. As shown in Fig.?6A,B, the galloyl site of compound 11 might interact with the loop region of Hes1, aiding the formation of Hes1(Arg46 of helix region)-Hes1(Glu76 of loop region) and preventing mutual recognition by Hes1 molecules. On the other hand, the ellagic acid site of compound 11 might bind with the helix region of Hes1, which consists of Ile50, Leu54 and Leu81, preventing hydrophobic core formation in the Hes1 dimer. Orange shows the hydrophobic region in Hes1 (Fig.?6C). Moreover, hydrogen bond formation between the ellagic acid site of compound 11 with Lys77 might obstruct Hes1(loop region)-Hes1(loop region) formation. Blue shows the hydrophilic region. As shown in Fig.?6C, the interaction of galloyl moiety with the hydrophilic region seems to be important. Therefore, the decrease of inhibition with decrease of number of phenolic hydroxyl groups in galloyl group would be reasonable. In addition, the -L-rhamnopyranosyl unit appears to be an efficient linker, enabling.The EtOAc fraction containing the target peak was subjected to silica gel column chromatography ( 50??250?mm; CHCl3-MeOH?=?1:0C0:1) to give fractions 1A-H. as Cy3 fluorescence intensity. Using this assay system, we screened our 118 plant extract library and identified the MeOH extract of leaves to contain naturally occurring compounds that inhibit Hes1 dimer formation. The MeOH extract (29.9?g) was fractionated using Diaion HP-20 with a MeOH-acetone solvent system to afford fractions 1A to 1C. Active fraction 1A (27.2?g) was suspended in 10% aq. MeOH and partitioned with hexane, EtOAc and BuOH to obtain hexane (1.1?g), EtOAc (5.7?g), BuOH (4.7?g) and aqueous (18.9?g) soluble fractions. Part of the active BuOH soluble fraction was subjected to ODS column chromatography and reverse-phase HPLC. Activity-guided separation yielded ten compounds (1C10; Fig.?3). The isolated compounds were identified as morin (1)25, isoquercitrin (2)26, methyl gallate (3)27, (+)-catechin (4)28,29, dihydrophaseic acid (5)30, quercetin (6)26,31, avicularin (7)32,33, gallic acid (8)34, protocatechuic acid (9)35 and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (10)36 based on comparisons of their spectral data with spectra in the literature. The Hes1-Hes1 interaction inhibitory activities of the isolated compounds were examined (Fig.?4) and 3, 7, 8 and 9 produced average inhibition (IC50 12.7, 26.5, 10.3 and 23.8 M). The strongest inhibitor was gallic acidity (8). Commercially obtainable gallic acidity also exhibited similar inhibition (IC50 8.9 M). Inhibition from the gallic acidity derivatives 3, 8, 9 and 10 demonstrated that the amount of phenolic hydroxyl organizations impacts inhibitory activity, with activity reducing as the amount of phenolic hydroxyl organizations decrease. Open up in another window Shape 2 Focus on protein-oriented isolation strategies. (A) Hes1-Hes1 discussion fluorescent dish assay, (B) Hes1 immobilized beads technique. Open in another window Shape 3 Structures from the isolated substances. Open in another window Shape 4 Hes1 dimer development inhibitory activities from the isolated substances. We recently created another protein-based testing technique, the target proteins oriented natural basic products isolation technique (TPO-NAPI) using proteins beads (Fig.?2B). Agalloside, inohanamine, -mangostine, Become-14106, isomicromonolactam, staurosporin and linarin had been isolated as Hes1 binding substances using the TPO-NAPI technique15,17. Rat Hes1 (1C95) including fundamental and helix-loop-helix domains was immobilized as the helix-loop-helix site may make a difference for Hes1-Hes1 discussion; therefore, making use of this site in the beads technique would likely succeed for testing Hes1 dimer inhibitors. GST-Hes1 immobilized beads had been prepared by combining freshly ready GST-Hes1 proteins with glutathione Sepharose 4B beads. GST-only beads had been ready like a control. After incubating the beads with vegetable MeOH components at 4?C for 2?h, bound substances were eluted with the addition of EtOH and heating system in 100?C for 3?min, then your eluted substances were analyzed by HPLC. From the 105 vegetable MeOH components screened like this, the Bangladesh vegetable was discovered to include a Hes1 binding substance. The MeOH draw out (64.6?g) of bark was partitioned with hexane, EtOAc and BuOH to acquire hexane (1.5?g), EtOAc (3.6?g), BuOH (42.6?g), and aqueous (20.5?g) soluble fractions. The EtOAc small fraction contained the prospective peak and was put through silica gel column chromatography to provide eight fractions (1A-H). Small fraction 1D contained the prospective maximum and was separated by ODS column chromatography and reverse-phase HPLC to provide substance 11 (0.4?mg). Substance 11 was defined as 4-ideals were examined by Students check. docking evaluation of substance 11 using the HLH site of Hes1. As demonstrated in Fig.?6A,B, the galloyl site of substance 11 might connect to the loop area of Hes1, aiding the forming of Hes1(Arg46 of helix area)-Hes1(Glu76 of loop area) and preventing mutual reputation by Hes1 substances. Alternatively, the ellagic acidity site of substance 11 might bind using the helix area of Hes1, which includes Ile50, Leu54 and Leu81, avoiding hydrophobic core development in the Hes1 dimer. Orange displays the hydrophobic area in Hes1 (Fig.?6C). Furthermore, hydrogen bond development between your ellagic acidity site of substance 11 with Lys77 might obstruct Hes1(loop area)-Hes1(loop area) development. Blue displays the hydrophilic area. As demonstrated in Fig.?6C, the discussion of galloyl moiety using the hydrophilic area appears to be essential. Therefore, the loss of inhibition with loss of amount of phenolic hydroxyl organizations in galloyl group will be reasonable. Furthermore, the -L-rhamnopyranosyl device is apparently a competent linker, enabling limited interaction between substance 11 using the Hes1 monomer via its galloyl and ellagic acidity sites. Open up in another window Shape 6 Docking research of substance 11 towards the Hes1 HLH site. (A) NMR framework from the HLH domains of Hes1 dimers (PDB code: 2MH3). Green and red.Small fraction 1D contained the prospective maximum and was separated by ODS column chromatography ( 25??200?mm; MeOH-H2O?=?7:3C0:1) to provide fractions 2ACF. screened our 118 vegetable extract collection and determined the MeOH remove of leaves to contain normally occurring substances that inhibit Hes1 dimer development. The MeOH remove (29.9?g) was fractionated using Diaion Horsepower-20 using a MeOH-acetone solvent program to cover fractions 1A to 1C. Dynamic small percentage 1A (27.2?g) was suspended in 10% aq. MeOH and partitioned with hexane, EtOAc and BuOH to acquire hexane (1.1?g), EtOAc (5.7?g), BuOH (4.7?g) and aqueous (18.9?g) soluble fractions. Area of the energetic BuOH soluble small percentage was put through ODS column chromatography and reverse-phase HPLC. Activity-guided parting yielded ten substances (1C10; Fig.?3). The isolated substances were defined as morin (1)25, isoquercitrin (2)26, methyl gallate (3)27, (+)-catechin (4)28,29, dihydrophaseic acid solution (5)30, quercetin (6)26,31, avicularin (7)32,33, gallic acid solution (8)34, protocatechuic acid solution (9)35 and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid solution (10)36 predicated on evaluations of their spectral data with spectra in the books. The Hes1-Hes1 connections inhibitory activities from the isolated substances were analyzed (Fig.?4) and 3, 7, 8 and 9 produced average inhibition (IC50 12.7, 26.5, 10.3 and 23.8 M). The strongest inhibitor was gallic acidity (8). Commercially obtainable gallic acidity also exhibited equivalent inhibition (IC50 8.9 M). Inhibition with the gallic acidity derivatives 3, 8, 9 and 10 demonstrated that the amount of phenolic hydroxyl groupings impacts inhibitory activity, with activity lowering as the amount of phenolic hydroxyl groupings decrease. Open up in another window Amount 2 Focus on protein-oriented isolation strategies. (A) Hes1-Hes1 connections fluorescent dish assay, (B) Hes1 immobilized beads technique. Open in another window Amount 3 Structures from the isolated substances. Open in another window Amount 4 Hes1 dimer development inhibitory activities from the isolated substances. We recently created another protein-based testing technique, the target proteins oriented natural basic products isolation technique (TPO-NAPI) using proteins beads (Fig.?2B). Agalloside, inohanamine, -mangostine, End up being-14106, isomicromonolactam, staurosporin and linarin had been isolated as Hes1 binding substances using the TPO-NAPI technique15,17. Rat Hes1 (1C95) filled with simple and helix-loop-helix domains was immobilized as the helix-loop-helix domains may make a difference for Hes1-Hes1 connections; therefore, making use of this domains in the beads technique would likely succeed for testing Hes1 dimer inhibitors. GST-Hes1 immobilized beads had been prepared by blending freshly ready GST-Hes1 proteins with glutathione Sepharose 4B beads. GST-only beads had been ready being a control. After incubating the beads with place MeOH ingredients at 4?C for 2?h, bound substances were eluted with the addition of EtOH and heating system in 100?C for 3?min, then your eluted substances were analyzed by HPLC. From the 105 place MeOH ingredients screened like this, the Bangladesh place was discovered to include a Hes1 binding substance. The MeOH remove (64.6?g) of bark was partitioned with hexane, EtOAc and BuOH to acquire hexane (1.5?g), EtOAc (3.6?g), BuOH (42.6?g), and aqueous (20.5?g) soluble fractions. The EtOAc small percentage contained the mark peak and was put through silica gel column chromatography to provide eight fractions (1A-H). Small percentage 1D contained the mark top and was separated by ODS column chromatography and reverse-phase HPLC to provide substance 11 (0.4?mg). Substance 11 was defined as 4-beliefs were examined by Students check. docking evaluation of substance 11 using the HLH domains of Hes1. As proven in Fig.?6A,B, the galloyl site of substance 11 might connect to the loop area of Hes1, aiding the forming of Hes1(Arg46 of helix area)-Hes1(Glu76 of loop area) and preventing mutual identification by Hes1 substances. Alternatively, the ellagic acidity SR-2211 site of substance 11 might bind using the helix area of Hes1, which includes Ile50, Leu54 and Leu81, stopping hydrophobic core development in the Hes1 dimer. Orange displays the hydrophobic area in Hes1 (Fig.?6C). Furthermore, hydrogen bond development between your ellagic acidity site of substance 11 with Lys77 might obstruct Hes1(loop area)-Hes1(loop area) development. Blue displays the hydrophilic area. As proven in Fig.?6C, the relationship of galloyl moiety using the hydrophilic area appears to be essential. Therefore, the loss of inhibition with loss of amount of phenolic hydroxyl groupings in galloyl group will be reasonable. Furthermore, the -L-rhamnopyranosyl device is apparently a competent linker, enabling restricted interaction between substance 11 using the Hes1 monomer via its galloyl and ellagic acidity sites. Open up in another window Body 6 Docking.An aliquot from the energetic BuOH soluble fraction was put through ODS column chromatography ( 40??210?mm; MeOH-H2O?=?3:7C1:0) to cover fractions 3A to 3E. of leaves to contain normally occurring substances that inhibit Hes1 dimer development. The MeOH remove (29.9?g) was fractionated using Diaion Horsepower-20 using a MeOH-acetone solvent program to cover fractions 1A to 1C. Dynamic small fraction 1A (27.2?g) was suspended in 10% aq. MeOH and partitioned with hexane, EtOAc and BuOH to acquire hexane (1.1?g), EtOAc (5.7?g), BuOH (4.7?g) and aqueous (18.9?g) soluble fractions. Area of the energetic BuOH soluble small fraction was put through ODS column chromatography and reverse-phase HPLC. Activity-guided parting yielded ten substances (1C10; Fig.?3). The isolated substances were defined as morin (1)25, isoquercitrin (2)26, methyl gallate (3)27, (+)-catechin (4)28,29, dihydrophaseic acid solution (5)30, quercetin (6)26,31, avicularin (7)32,33, gallic acid solution (8)34, protocatechuic acid solution (9)35 and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid solution (10)36 predicated on evaluations of their spectral data with spectra in the books. The Hes1-Hes1 relationship inhibitory activities from the isolated substances were analyzed (Fig.?4) and 3, 7, 8 and 9 produced average inhibition (IC50 12.7, 26.5, 10.3 and 23.8 M). The strongest inhibitor was gallic acidity (8). Commercially obtainable gallic acidity also exhibited equivalent inhibition (IC50 8.9 M). Inhibition with the gallic acidity derivatives 3, 8, 9 and 10 demonstrated that the amount of phenolic hydroxyl groupings impacts inhibitory activity, with activity lowering as the amount of phenolic hydroxyl groupings decrease. Open up in another window Body 2 Focus on protein-oriented isolation strategies. (A) Hes1-Hes1 relationship fluorescent dish assay, (B) Hes1 immobilized beads technique. Open in another window Body 3 Structures from the isolated substances. Open in another window Body 4 Hes1 dimer development inhibitory activities from the isolated substances. We recently created another protein-based testing technique, the target proteins oriented natural basic products isolation technique (TPO-NAPI) using proteins beads (Fig.?2B). Agalloside, inohanamine, -mangostine, End up being-14106, isomicromonolactam, staurosporin and linarin had been isolated as Hes1 binding substances using the TPO-NAPI technique15,17. Rat Hes1 (1C95) formulated with simple and helix-loop-helix domains was immobilized as the helix-loop-helix area may make a difference for Hes1-Hes1 relationship; therefore, making use of this area in the beads technique would likely succeed for testing Hes1 dimer inhibitors. GST-Hes1 immobilized beads had been prepared by blending freshly ready GST-Hes1 proteins with glutathione Sepharose 4B beads. GST-only beads had been ready being a control. After incubating the beads with seed MeOH ingredients at 4?C for 2?h, bound substances were eluted with the addition of EtOH and heating system in 100?C for 3?min, then your eluted substances SR-2211 were analyzed by HPLC. From the 105 plant MeOH extracts screened using this method, the Bangladesh plant was found to contain a Hes1 binding compound. The MeOH extract (64.6?g) of bark was partitioned with hexane, EtOAc and BuOH to obtain hexane (1.5?g), EtOAc (3.6?g), BuOH (42.6?g), and aqueous (20.5?g) soluble fractions. The EtOAc fraction contained the target peak and was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to give eight fractions (1A-H). Fraction 1D contained the target peak and was separated by ODS column chromatography and reverse-phase HPLC to give compound 11 (0.4?mg). Compound 11 was identified as 4-values were analyzed by Students test. docking analysis of compound 11 with the HLH domain of Hes1. As shown in Fig.?6A,B, the galloyl site of compound 11 might interact with the loop region of SR-2211 Hes1, aiding the formation of Hes1(Arg46 of helix region)-Hes1(Glu76 of loop region) and preventing mutual recognition by Hes1 molecules. On the other hand, the ellagic acid site of compound 11 might bind with the helix region of Hes1, which consists of Ile50, Leu54 and Leu81, preventing hydrophobic core formation in the Hes1 dimer. Orange shows the hydrophobic region in Hes1 (Fig.?6C). Moreover, hydrogen bond formation between the ellagic acid site of compound 11 with Lys77 might obstruct Hes1(loop region)-Hes1(loop region) formation. Blue shows the hydrophilic region. As shown in Fig.?6C, the interaction of galloyl moiety with the hydrophilic region seems to be important. Therefore, the decrease of inhibition with decrease of number of phenolic hydroxyl groups in galloyl group would be reasonable. In addition, the -L-rhamnopyranosyl unit appears to be an efficient linker, enabling tight interaction between compound 11 with the Hes1 monomer via its galloyl and ellagic acid sites. Open in a separate window Figure 6 Docking study of compound 11 to the Hes1.The EtOAc fraction contained the target peak and was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to give eight fractions (1A-H). 96 well plates. We prevented GST-GST interactions, which would result in false positives, by preparing GST-free Hes1 protein by GST cleavage with Turbo3C protease. After labeling Hes1 with Cy3, this florescent Hes1 protein was added to the wells of the above plate and incubated for 24?h at 4?C. Hes1-Hes1 interaction was successfully detected as Cy3 fluorescence intensity. Using this assay system, we screened our 118 plant extract library and identified the MeOH extract of leaves to contain naturally occurring compounds that inhibit Hes1 dimer formation. The MeOH extract (29.9?g) was fractionated using Diaion HP-20 with a MeOH-acetone solvent system to afford fractions 1A to 1C. Active fraction 1A (27.2?g) was suspended in 10% aq. MeOH and partitioned with hexane, EtOAc and BuOH to obtain hexane (1.1?g), EtOAc (5.7?g), BuOH (4.7?g) and aqueous (18.9?g) soluble fractions. Part of the active BuOH soluble fraction was subjected to ODS column chromatography and reverse-phase HPLC. Activity-guided separation yielded ten compounds (1C10; Fig.?3). The isolated compounds were identified as morin (1)25, isoquercitrin (2)26, methyl gallate (3)27, (+)-catechin (4)28,29, dihydrophaseic acid (5)30, quercetin (6)26,31, avicularin (7)32,33, gallic acid (8)34, protocatechuic acid (9)35 and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (10)36 based on comparisons of their spectral data with spectra in the literature. The Hes1-Hes1 interaction inhibitory activities of the isolated compounds were examined (Fig.?4) and 3, 7, 8 and 9 produced moderate inhibition (IC50 12.7, 26.5, 10.3 and 23.8 M). The most potent inhibitor was gallic acid (8). Commercially available gallic acid also exhibited comparable inhibition (IC50 8.9 M). Inhibition by the gallic acid derivatives 3, 8, 9 and 10 showed that the number of phenolic hydroxyl groups affects inhibitory activity, with activity reducing as the number of phenolic hydroxyl organizations decrease. Open in a separate window Number 2 Target protein-oriented isolation methods. (A) Hes1-Hes1 connection fluorescent plate assay, (B) Hes1 immobilized beads method. Open in a separate window Number 3 Structures of the isolated compounds. Open in a separate window Number 4 Hes1 dimer formation inhibitory activities of the isolated compounds. We recently developed another protein-based screening method, the target protein oriented natural products isolation method (TPO-NAPI) using protein beads (Fig.?2B). Agalloside, inohanamine, -mangostine, Become-14106, isomicromonolactam, staurosporin and linarin were isolated as Hes1 binding compounds using the TPO-NAPI method15,17. Rat Hes1 (1C95) comprising fundamental and helix-loop-helix domains was immobilized because the helix-loop-helix website is known to be important for Hes1-Hes1 connection; therefore, utilizing this website in the beads method would likely be effective for screening Hes1 dimer inhibitors. GST-Hes1 immobilized beads were prepared by combining freshly prepared GST-Hes1 protein with glutathione Sepharose 4B beads. GST-only beads were prepared like a control. After incubating the beads with flower MeOH components at 4?C for 2?h, bound compounds were eluted by adding EtOH and heating at 100?C for 3?min, then the eluted compounds were analyzed by HPLC. Of the 105 flower MeOH components screened using this method, the Bangladesh flower was found to contain a Hes1 binding compound. The MeOH draw out (64.6?g) of bark was partitioned with hexane, EtOAc and BuOH to obtain hexane (1.5?g), EtOAc (3.6?g), BuOH (42.6?g), and aqueous (20.5?g) soluble fractions. The EtOAc portion contained the prospective peak and was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to give eight fractions (1A-H). Portion 1D contained the prospective maximum and was separated by ODS column chromatography and reverse-phase HPLC to give compound 11 (0.4?mg). Compound 11 was identified as 4-ideals were analyzed by Students test. docking analysis of compound 11 with the HLH website of Hes1. As demonstrated in Fig.?6A,B, the galloyl site of compound 11 might interact with the loop region of Hes1, aiding the formation of Hes1(Arg46 of helix region)-Hes1(Glu76 of loop region) and preventing mutual acknowledgement by Hes1 molecules. On the other hand, the ellagic acid site of compound 11 might bind with the helix region of Hes1, which consists of Ile50, Leu54 and Leu81, avoiding hydrophobic core formation in the Hes1 dimer. Orange shows the hydrophobic region in Hes1 (Fig.?6C). Moreover, hydrogen bond formation between the ellagic acid site of compound 11 with Lys77 might obstruct Hes1(loop region)-Hes1(loop region) formation. Blue shows the hydrophilic region. As demonstrated in Fig.?6C, the connection of galloyl moiety with the hydrophilic region seems to be important. Therefore, the decrease of inhibition with decrease of quantity of phenolic hydroxyl organizations in galloyl group would be reasonable. In addition, the -L-rhamnopyranosyl unit appears to be an efficient linker, enabling tight interaction between compound 11 with the Hes1 monomer via its galloyl and ellagic acid sites. Open in a separate window Physique 6 Docking study of compound 11 to the Hes1 HLH domain name. (A) NMR structure of the HLH domains of Hes1 dimers (PDB code: 2MH3). Green.
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