At interview, we collected questionnaire data, including age, gender, place of residence (urban or rural), source of water supply (city or well), type of housing (solitary dwelling, multifamily dwelling or apartment), level of education (literate or illiterate) and occupation (employed or unemployed)

At interview, we collected questionnaire data, including age, gender, place of residence (urban or rural), source of water supply (city or well), type of housing (solitary dwelling, multifamily dwelling or apartment), level of education (literate or illiterate) and occupation (employed or unemployed). in populations with poor hygiene methods and low socioeconomic status.6 Since is transmitted from the feco-oral and oro-oral routes and HAV is known to be a sensitive marker of feco-oral exposure, HAV infection could be associated with an increased risk of acquisition. The association between these infections requires further investigation. Indeed, related age-specific prevalence curves for and HAV have been documented, suggesting a shared feco-oral transmission common for and HAV.5 We Sivelestat sodium salt assessed the seroprevalence of and HAV in a group of Iranian people in the north of Iran, and compared the relationship of different risk factors, including age, gender, level of education, occupation, source of water supply, place of residence and type of housing with these two pathogens. We also investigated the association between seropositivity of antibodies against and HAV, to whether these organisms might share related modes of transmission. Three hundred and seventy-four serum samples were collected from healthy volunteers (239 from females, 135 from males, ranging in age from 3 to 81 years, imply and SD, 3416.7 years) who participated inside a health check program in 2002 planned by the Public Health Center of Mazandaran Province, which is usually affiliated with Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. Serum samples were obtained randomly from healthy volunteers living in four rural areas (Hamid Abad, Soorak, Asram and Zoghal Chall Counties) of Sari Township and four districts of Sari city. At interview, we collected questionnaire data, including age, gender, place of residence (urban or rural), source of water supply (city or well), type of housing (solitary dwelling, multifamily dwelling or apartment), level of education (literate or illiterate) and profession (used or unemployed). The last two last factors were used like a surrogate for socioeconomic status. In this study, subjects who experienced graduated from high school or experienced higher levels of education were considered literate and those who experienced graduated from main school or experienced no schooling were regarded as illiterate. Serum samples were analysed for IgG antibody by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using the GAP-IgG Test (Biomerica, Newport Beach, CA). The methods were performed according to the manufacturers instructions with the cut-off point identified at 20 U/mL.7 Samples were considered positive for antibody when antibody levels were 20 U/mL and bad when they were 12.5 U/mL. The intermediate range was regarded as indeterminate for evaluating the seropositivity of Anti-HAV antibodies were assayed by microparticle enzyme immunoassay (Radim, Rome, Italy) in the same samples. Serum MAPK9 samples having a cut-off value 30 U/mL were regarded as positive for hepatitis A illness, those between 15 to 30 U/mL were regarded as indeterminate for evaluating the Sivelestat sodium salt presence of HAV illness, and those having a cut-off value 15 U/mL were considered bad. The seroprevalence of antiand anti-HAV were determined and the connection between seropositivity of these two pathogens and different risk factors were examined. The statistical significance between different environmental factors and seropositivity of antiand anti-HAV antibodies, and the variations in seropositivity for antibodies against these two infectious agents were examined by Fishers Precise Test. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to indicate the magnitude of any association. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to derive multivariate modified OR and its 95% CI. The seroprevalences of antiand anti-HAV were approximately related (33.1% and 30.5%). Subjects under the age of 9 years experienced lower seroprevalences of anti-and anti-HAV than older age groups (Number 1). The rate of recurrence of seropositivity showed a sudden increase in the 10- to 19-12 months and 20- to 29-12 months age groups, improved slowly in each age group up to the 70-to 79-12 months group, and then slightly decreased in the oldest age group. The age-specific seroprevalence of anti-HAV was related to that of anti-with the exclusion that the increase in the seroprevalence of anti-HAV was low for the 10- to 19-12 months age group, but Sivelestat sodium salt all of a sudden improved in the 20 to.